Compendium Review

Chapter 16
16.1 Human Life Cycle
16.2 Male Reproductive System
16.3 Female Reproductive System
16.4 Female Hormone Levels
16.5 Control of Reproduction
16.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Two types of cell division: Mitosis (growth and repair of tissues) and Meiosis (gamete production)
Parts of the male reproductive systems are the penis, scrotum, sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, buldourthral glands.
Hormone of the male is testosterone
The female produces one mature follicle (egg) each month. It makes it way to uterus.
Ovarian cycle when not pregnant is due to hormonal control of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. After ovulation LF from the anterior pituitary converts the follicle into the corpus luteum.
The corpus leteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen, both of which regulate the uterine cycle
Ovulation usually occurs on day 14 of 28 day cycle
Only when fertilization takes place does the egg implant to the endometrium.
Birth control methods include condoms, pills and diaphragm.
To help with infertility you can use artificial insemination, vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transger, or intracytoplasmic sperm injections.
STDs are caused by viruses, Bacteria, Protists, fungi and animals.
AIDS is caused by HIV, there are also others like genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and hepatitis
Chapter 17
17.1 Fertilization
17.2 Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development
17.3 Fetal Development
17.4 Pregnancy and Birth
17.5 Development after birth
Fertilization takes place when the sperm's nucleus enters the egg and fuses with the eggs nucleus
Extraembryonic membranes function in the internal development.
At the end of the embryonic perios, the organs are established
The venous duct joins the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
During the third and fourth months the skeleton is becoming ossified. At this time the sex is also able to be determined.
During the pregnancy the mother gains weight in the uterus and there are complaints like constipation and heartburn
During stage 1 of birth is cervix dilates, the second stage is when the child is born and the third is when the after birth is expelled
After birth development continues with infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Aging leads to the deterioration of organs systems but can be reduced by good eating habits.
Chapter 22
22.1 Origin of Life
22.2 Biological Evolution
22.3 Classification of Humans
22.4 Evolution of Hominids
22.5 Evolution of Humans
Using an outside source of energy and organic molecules were produced by reactions between early earth's atmospheric gases
The RNS first hypothesis was needed for the first cells.
Amino acids join to form polypeptides when exposed to dry heat is the protein first hypothesis
The protocell eventually became a true cell once it had genes of DNA and could reproduce.
Descent form a common ancestor explains the unity of living things.
Fossil evidence supports evolution
The classification of humans can be used to trace their ancestry, we are primates, and share the same ancestor with African apes.
Certain features like the flat face can classify a hominids
Ardipithecines were likely hominids.
Australoethecines would walk erect but had a small brain.
There are two hypotheses of human evolution which are the multiregional continuity suggests that modern humans evolved separately in Europe, Africa and Asia. The second is out of Africa saying that homo sapiens evolved in Africa then migrated to Europe and Asia
Fossils are classified as HOMO with regard to the brain size.
Habilis made and used tools. Erectus was the first to have a brain size of more then 1000 cm. Erectus migrated from Africa into Europe and Asia and also used fire and may have been big game hunters.
Chapter 23
23.1 The Nature of Ecosystems
23.2 Energy Flow
23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Ecology is usually the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment.
Terrestrial ecosystems are forests, grasslands, and deserts.
Aquatic ecosystems are either salt or fresh water.
Autotrophs produce organic nutrients for themselves and others from inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source.
Ecosystem are characterized by energy flow and chemical cycling.
A food web is a diagram showing how various organisms are connect by eating relationships.
Detrital food webs begin with detritus food for decomposters and for detritivores.
Members of detrital food webs can be eaten by above ground carnivores.
A trophic level is all the organisms that feel at a particular link in a food chain.
The water cycle involves the freshwater that evaporates from the ocean.
The Carbon cycle is organic matter, limestone and the ocean. The exchange pool is the atmosphere
The Nitrogen Cycle is where nitrogen gas much be converted to a form usable by plants.
The Phosphorus Cycle involves ocean sediments becoming available though geological upheaval which exposes sedimentary rocks to weathering.
Chapter 24
24.1 Human population growth
24.2 Human use of resources and pollution
24.3 Biodiversity
24.4 Working toward a sustainable society
Biotic potential is normally held in check by environmental resistance.
MDCs are approaching a stable population size
LDCs populations will continue to increase in size.
The five resources that are maximally used by humans are land, water, food, energy and minerals. These are also resources that will eventually run out... there is only so much to use.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. 5 major causes of biodiversity loss are habitat loss, introduction of alien species, pollution, overexploitation of plant and animals, and disease.
Biodiversity contributes to waste disposal, freshwater, prevention of soil erosion, functions of biogeochemical cycles, climate regulations, and ecotourism.