Movable Limb

This is the movable limb, I chose a leg.

It is very very simple and made from homemade play dough, thick string and cardboard.

As for the out lay of the leg itself, I did each thing separate, is the bones + muscles and tendons. This movable limb project was quite difficult for me to get from my ideas to the final product, more so over the previous project like this in Unit 1. I have a really strong interest in the skeleton, but it seems I was just trying to over complicate the project and when I made it very simple it seemed inadequate.

The next picture is the diagram of the various neurons and showing the axon, Node of Ranvier and Myelin Sheath.

The final photo has a comparison Diagram because unfortunately my photo shop wouldn't load for that final photo. It is a show of the muscle fibers.

I learned from this much more about the different types of neurons and about the structures of the muscles and bone throughout the body. Although I don't necessarily don't feel that more is better in something like this, I feel that I learned a lot from the entire unit.

Ethical Issues

Exercise is definitely something that needs to be taken more seriously then simply eating well and walking around during the day. Exercise can improve not only cardiovascular health, increase muscle and decrease unwanted fat but through and through it all around makes you body happier. Exercise is something I really try implementing with my preschool class I teach. When I heard the statistic that 10% of children between the age of 2 and 5 are overweight it really made me scared for the children in my class. Often times the bad habits of lying around all day and not eating nutritious prepared foods start at this age. It is usually because the parents don’t spend enough time involving their children in physical activities. It seems it become quite normal for parents in the United States to sit their child in front of the television with a happy meal for dinner. I do understand people who are very busy and find it hard to have a nice home dinner with their family, but there are more cases then not that people are just lazy. As for the fact that there are huge amounts of adults in the world that are obese, especially in the U.S., that it makes you wonder at what point people will see how risky it is being overweight. It would seem to me that if I reached 200 pounds, at my height of 5’3, I really need to do something about my lifestyle. Exercise needs to be taken in steps. You do not want to take a improperly trained body for a 4 mile endurance run. It can be as simple as starting out with a half hour walk before or after work. Raising up your heart rate and endurance you can gain fitness and build up to running eventually. With the children in my class we do things as simple as playing “red light, green light” or doing Simon says. Getting the kids moving as seeing that this types of movement can be fun will set them up in the future for not absolutely hating exercise.

Compendium Reviews

Chapter 11
Skeletal System:
Supports and plays a large role in protecting the body.
There is Fibrous connective tissue called periosteum that covers the large part of the bones. There is both red and yellow bone marrow. Red is in the spongy bone and yellow is in the meullary cavity. Bones store mineral salts and fat.
Bone Growth, Remodeling and Repair:
Osteoclasts break down and absorb bone, osteoblasts are bone forming cells and osteosytes are mature bone cells. Intramembranous is bones in between fibrous tissue. Endochondral is the bones being replaced by calcified bone matrix. Osteoclasts break down bone and allow osteoblasts will reform the bone for remodeling and the recycling allows the body to regulate blood calcium. Repair of bone is four steps that include hematoma formation, firocartilaginous callus, bony callus and remodeling.
Bone of the Axial Skeleton
This skeleton consists of the skull, the hyoid bone, certerbral column and rib cage.
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
This skeleton consists of pectoral girdles, pelvic girdle and both upper and lower limbs.
Articulations
Bone join together at joints of which there are: Fibrous, Carilaginous and Synovial.
Chapter 12
Overview:
There are three types of human muscles - Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal. All of the muscles will have different jobs in movement, whether it is working with or against the movement.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction:
These Fibers contain Myofibrils and myofibrils have actin and myosin filaments. When clacium ions are released into muscle fibers actin filaments. Calcium ions brind to troponin and expose myosin binding sites. Myosin filaments break down ATP and attch to actin filaments forming cross bridges. This pulls actin to the center of a sarcomere.
Whole Muscle Contraction
Muscles contain several fibers under the control of a single motor axon. The strength of muscle acries accoding to the motor units. A muscle biber has three ways to acwuire ATP for muscle contraction - Creatine phosphate transter a phosphate to ADP. Fermentation productes ATP and is associated with an oxygen debt. And cellular repiration provides most of the muscle's ATP but takes longer.
Muscular Disorders can be from spasms and injuries but also from various diseases. Bones produce red blood cells and are involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels.
Chapter 13
Overview: the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Nervous tissue contains two typs of cells, neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit nerve impulses and neuroglia take care of the neurons. The neuron is made of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The differetn typs of neurons are sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. When a neurotransmitter is released transmission of nerve impulse occurs.
The Central Nervous System consists of the spinal cord and brain. The lumbic system is lying deep in the brain and allows us to determine emotions. The peripheral Nervous system consists of Somatic system and Autonomic System.
Chapter 14
Sensory receptors and sensations consist of four different types which are chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors. Propriceptors are mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions and help with equilibrium and posture. Ceuaneous receptors are in the skin and are for touching and pain. We are also capable of taste and smell because of chemoreceptors. Our vision is based upon our optic nerves, the cerebral cortex and the eye itself. Hearing is based off the ear, the ccochlear nerve and the auditory area of the cerbral cortex.

Muscle Lab

Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Action
Trial # of Squeezes in 20 Seconds
1 42
2 41
3 37
4 34
5 34
6 33
7 33
8 31
9 31
10 31

ANALYSIS OF DATA:

1.What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working(contracted)?
My muscle felt considerably harder and became larger around and felt sort of pinch or shorter.
2.What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles?Explain.
It made my muscles reaction time slower to contracting.
3. Number of Fists
Normal 42
Ice Water 31
4. What effect did fatigue have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
The fatigue made my hands almost hurt to move and made all of the motions much slower. I was using so much energy after a while my muscle just seemed to stop responding even with a large amount of determination and concentration.

Leech Lab

What is the electrode measuring?
The leech's reaction to the different stimuli.
Why use leeches in neurophsiology experiments?
Because the neurons are a larger size and in a small number
What is the difference between sensory and motor neuron?
Sensory neuron is a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a organ to the central nervous system.
Motor neuron is a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a effector.
Do you think leeches experience pain?
I think if this were done with out anesthetizing the leech there would be pain because of the nervous system and the way it would react to something slicing it apart.
What are the two most interesting things about this lab?
I think it is amazing that on a real level you can see the reactions of a cell. Also injecting the dye for the UV readings is very interesting!